ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PROTECTION OF CEREAL CROPS FROM PHYTOPHAGES - VECTORS OF VIRAL AND MYCOPLASM INFECTION ON BIOCENOTIC PRINCIPLES UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL PART OF FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Abstract

Research have been conducted in the conditions of the Uman National University of Horticultural (the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine) to study the measures and means that would contribute to the natural regulation of phytophage carriers of viruses and mycoplasmas and entomophages in agrocenoses of grain crops. Established in crops of winter wheat and spring barley there described earlier, biological carriers of viruses and mycoplasmas and zoofahy - Carabidae autumn and spring-summer type of development, which makes their presence in cereal crops during the growing season. It has been shown that under these conditions, wheat plants of winter early sowing (third decade of August and first and second decade of September) are intensively populated with carriers of viruses, in particular Cicadellidae, cereal Aphids and Aceria tritici Shev., and are largely affected by viruses and mycoplasmas. This is because Cicadellidae and aphids come from the weeds of Poaceae, etc., and, feeding on the leaves of grain cereal, carry out many punctures in the cells of the epidermis, which contributes to the intensive penetration of viruses in them particles. Thus, for these conditions, the rational deadlines for winter wheat sowing are the end of September - the beginning of October, and for spring barley - the beginning of April.At the same time, due to a decrease in infection with winter wheat viruses, the yield was higher compared to the early and late terms of sowing without the use of pesticides. Based on studies conducted by us in different years, we developed a plan for the influence of various factors on the producer plant and on the vectors of viruses and mycoplasmas that affect cereals "Cereal crops — viruses, mycoplasmas — vectors — weeds of Poaceae — vectors — cereal crops.