Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture

JUSTIFICATION OF METHODS FOR CREATING NEW STARTING MATERIAL FOR BREEDING HIGH-YIELDING TOBACCO VARIETIES (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) ADAPTED TO THE AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

L. V. Vyshnevska, V. S. Kravchenko, A. O. Yatsenko, V. I. Nevlad — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Until recently, tobacco farming was one of the most profitable agricultural sectors with a profitability level of 28-40%. However, over the years of our country's independence, there has been a steady downward trend in the production of raw tobacco. The main reason for the decline in tobacco production is the reduction of cultivation areas in Zakarpattia and Transnistria and the loss of the unique cultivation zone in Crimea [1, с. 24–27]. According to official statistics, tobacco production in Ukraine currently meets the needs of the industry by only 5%. The operation of tobacco factories is completely dependent on imports of raw materials from abroad. Accordingly, the strategic task of the industry is to increase the volume of tobacco produced domestically, which is possible only through the introduction of new competitive varieties of domestic breeding with improved quantitative and qualitative productivity indicators [2, с. 25–27]. The progress of modern tobacco breeding is primarily due to the genetic potential and diversity of the source material. Longterm study of collection samples makes it possible to identify the sources of the most important morphological and economically valuable traits with high genotype adaptability to the agroclimatic conditions of the central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine [3, с. 70–76]. One of the important directions of the development of the tobacco industry is not only the increase in the volume of tobacco cultivation, but also the improvement of its quality. This is due, first of all, to the fact that a significant part of the tobacco products of Ukrainian factories is made from imported raw materials. Accordingly, the support of the own producer is possible only due to the introduction into production of new competitive varieties of domestic breeding with improved quantitative and qualitative indicators of productivity. Our country can be one of the leading European countries that produces high-quality tobacco raw materials. Growing tobacco in Ukraine has become traditional thanks to the geographical location, favorable climatic conditions, the presence of large areas of fertile land, and qualified labor resources. According to the results of the research, the tobacco trait collection was classified according to a set of morphological, biological and economically valuable traits and the source material for breeding highly productive tobacco varieties adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was formed.

YIELD OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS UNDER LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF MINERAL AND ORGANOMINERAL FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS IN FIELD CROP ROTATION

I. Yu. Rassadina, O. Yu. Stasinіevych, L. A. Musiienko, I. S. Sadovskyi — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Against the backdrop of global warming and other unfavorable factors, one of the main tasks of modern agricultural production is to improve crop cultivation technologies. Thanks to its traditionally strong food exports, Ukraine is one of the guarantors of global food security. Before the full-scale war, Ukraine ranked among the top five grain exporters in the world. However, prolonged military actions have led to a deterioration in food security within the country, primarily due to disrupted logistics chains, destroyed infrastructure, damaged farms and production facilities, and a decrease in food production at operational enterprises. A lack of financing and the need for significant cost-cutting have resulted in a 50–60 % reduction in fertilizer application. According to the Ministry of Agrarian Policy, fertilizer use remains one of the most pressing issues for farmers. Large and medium-sized producers are more prepared to apply fertilizers in full. However, fertilizer application is expected to reach only 47 % of the agronomic requirement—half of the necessary level. Only 10 % of respondents are willing to apply fertilizers at 100 % of the required amount [5]. Effective use of mineral fertilizers in crop rotation helps to increase the yield and quality of products, which is important for ensuring the economic security of the country. The purpose of the article is to study the effectiveness of long-term application of fertilizers in field crop rotation on the yield of agricultural crops. This includes determining the optimal doses and types of fertilizers that provide consistently high yields and improve soil quality, as well as identifying possible negative effects of long-term use of fertilizers and developing recommendations for their minimization. The studies were conducted in a stationary experiment at the Department of Agrochemistry and Soil Science of the Uman National University of Horticulture and showed that with systematic crop rotation by type of fruiting with simultaneous systematic fertilization, the conditions for plant growth and development are improved. Barley, peas and clover are less sensitive to fertilizers than crops such as silage corn, sugar beet and winter wheat, which show higher productivity from fertilizers. Scientific novelty of the resulting studies: 1) for the first time, a long-term (since 1964) study was conducted on the effect of long-term use of fertilizers in a 10-field crop rotation on podzolized heavy loamy chernozem in the conditions of the Right- Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine; 2) optimal doses and types of fertilizers (mineral and organic) were determined, which ensure a consistently high yield of agricultural crops; 3) the effect of agrometeorological conditions on crop productivity and the efficiency of fertilizer application was assessed; 4) a productivity index was introduced and used to assess the efficiency of crop cultivation in crop rotation at different levels and systems of fertilization. Practical significance of the research results: 1) recommendations for the optimal use of mineral and organic fertilizers in field crop rotation were developed; 2) the use of the developed cultivation technologies contributes to an increase in crop yields, which allows increasing the gross harvest of products without a significant increase in fertilizer costs; 3) the research results allow adapting agricultural practices to regional climatic and soil conditions, which increases the efficiency of fertilizer use and reduces the risks associated with climate change.

MONITORING OF WEEDINESS OF WINTER SPELT CROPS IN POLISSIA AND FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

O. I. Trembitska — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article presents the results of monitoring the species composition of winter spelt segetal vegetation and the frequency of occurrence of the most common and harmful weeds in the Polissіa and Forest-Steppe zones of Ukraine. Due to climate warming, which we observe every year, there has been an increase in the contamination of grain crops with wintering weeds. Weed infestation of crops is one of the factors that negatively affect the growth and development of winter spelt, aimed at increasing its yield. The aim of the study is to determine the species and quantitative diversity of weeds in winter spelt phytocoenoses. The research aimed at studying the peculiarities of growing and using winter spelt began in 2016 on the basis of the training and research field of Polissia National University and agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership in Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Rivne, Vinnytsia and Khmelnytskyi regions. Weeds in winter spelt phytocoenoses were also constantly monitored. According to the results of the research, the species composition of weeds in winter spelt phytocoenoses in the Polissia and Forest-Steppe zones was compared by different categories of weeds. It was found that the structure of weeds in Polissia is concentrated on later species, which is the result of a long growing season, while in the Forest-Steppe weeds adapt to a shorter growing season and specific climatic conditions. In Polissia, late spring weeds are the most common (50,6%), which is due to sufficient moisture during the growing season, which gives them an advantage in conditions of stable moisture. In the Forest-Steppe, ephemerals (6,1 %) and wintering weeds (28,6 %) prevailed, indicating drier and warmer conditions that contribute to the rapid development of ephemerals and the ability of wintering species to survive cold winters.

INFLUENCE OF MAIN SOIL TILLAGE METHODS ON THE DYNAMICS OF SUGAR BEET ROOT WEIGHT GROWTH AND SUGAR ACCUMULATION IN THEM

S. V. Filonenko, V. S. Filonenko — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article highlights the results of studies on the influence of the main tillage methods, which are common in the area of insufficient moisture of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe, on the intensity of the increase in the mass of sugar beet roots, their tops, as well as on the process of sugar accumulation. Such studies were conducted in grain-rowing and grain-steam-rowing crop rotations, where the most common methods of main tillage were used. As a result of the research, it was found that in the grain-sowing crop rotation, the mass of 100 sprouts, on average over three years of research, was the largest in the variant with plowing to a depth of 30–32 cm and amounted to 41.8 g, which is 7.6 g more than in plowing with a depth of up to 40 cm and 3.0 g more than in the variant with tiered plowing. In the grain-sowing crop rotation, the best conditions for the initial development of beet plants were created in the case of surface tillage of the soil by 10–12 cm with its loosening to 40 cm. The most intensive increase in the mass of root crops was observed in both crop rotations in the variants with plowing at 30–32 cm – 3.7 and 4.4 g per day, respectively. In the grain-steam-till crop rotation, the increase in the mass of root crops in the second half of the growing season occurs more intensively than in the grain-steam-till. In August-September, in the variant with plowing at a depth of 30–32 cm in the grain-steam-till crop rotation, the mass of root crops increased by 262 g, in the grain-steam-till crop rotation – by 221 g. The sugar content of root crops, on average over three years of research, was maximum in the grain-steam-till crop rotation in the variant with flat-cut soil cultivation at 30–32 cm and amounted to 18.7 %. Almost the same (18.6 %) sugar content in root crops was found in the variant with conventional plowing to a depth of 30–32 cm and somewhat lower (18.1 %) – in the variant with surface cultivation to a depth of 10–12 cm with loosening at 40 cm. In the grain-steam crop rotation, the sugar content of root crops was significantly inferior to the corresponding indicator of the grain-steam-till crop rotation. However, in the variant with plowing to a depth of 30 cm with deepening to 40 cm, beetroots with a sugar content of 18.5 % were obtained.

FACTORS OF AGRICULTURE AND REGULATION OF GROWTH RESPONSE IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Under the conditions of climate change and the need to preserve soil fertility, an important aspect of modern agriculture is the search for effective primary tillage techniques. The optimisation of maize cultivation technologies in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine has a significant impact on crop productivity and the ecological sustainability of agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different primary tillage methods on growth processes and maize grain yield. The research was conducted during 2019–2021 on ordinary chernozem with a humus content of 4.2% and an annual precipitation level of 495 mm. The experiment included four primary tillage treatments: ploughing (23–25 cm), chisel tillage (25–27 cm), disc harrowing (10–12 cm), and No-till. Herbicide application, weed control, biometric measurements of maize plants, and grain yield determination were carried out in accordance with standard methodologies. It was established that the tillage system significantly influenced yield parameters. The highest maize yield (6.99 t/ha) was obtained after ploughing, while chisel tillage provided 6.62 t/ha, disc harrowing – 6.27 t/ha, and No-till – 6.11 t/ha. Reducing tillage depth decreased field emergence by 3.3–7.8% compared to ploughing. Herbicide application reduced weed density by 58–91%. It was found that minimal and zero tillage promoted the accumulation of crop residues in the upper soil layer (up to 97%), which influenced the thermal regime and slowed crop emergence. Ploughing was identified as the optimal primary tillage method for maize cultivation in the region, ensuring the highest yield as well as uniform plant growth and development. Minimal and zero tillage contributed to the accumulation of organic residues in the upper soil layer, which positively affected erosion resistance but reduced seedling emergence and yield. The obtained results can be used for developing adaptive farming systems under the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGESTATE AND OTHER ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

O. V. Shevchuk, Н. М. Hospodarenko — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The number of biogas plants in Ukraine is constantly growing which increases the production of by-products. The biochemical composition of them has not been fully investigated. Digestate samples were collected at Biogas Ladyzhyn, division of Vinnytsia Ptakhofabryka LLC. The analysis of their agrochemical composition was carried out in the certified laboratories of Zakhidnyi Bug PE, Kompania Zemlerob LLC, and Kolos Agrofirma LLC. The analyzes were carried out in accordance with DSTU and the corresponding methodical recommendations. It was established that digestates contain a significant amount of macronutrients and are not inferior to chicken droppings in terms of this indicator. A high content of macro- and micronutrients per dry matter can be valuable for a fertilizer product, taking into account that it needs to be disposed of at a small distance from the biogas plant. Moreover, each batch of digestate is a separate fertilizer that has its own unique macro- and microelement composition and content of organic substances. It requires a preliminary agrochemical analysis and only on its basis the calculations and taking into account the biological features of development and the possible productivity of a certain agricultural crop can determine the permissible application doses. Digestate does not significantly affect the mycological condition of dark grey forest soil, even at high doses of its introduction (30–50 m3/ha), compared with traditional fertilization with aqueous ammonia at a dose of 110 kg/ha of nitrogen. Compared to traditional types of organic fertilizers, poultry dropping digestate can be considered a valuable local complex organo-mineral fertilizer product of local importance for improving plant nutrition and the balance of nutrients in the soil. Currently, there are no restrictions on its implementation as a fertilizer product of organic origin. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research on the maximum doses of its introduction and the efficiency of various technologies of application to agricultural crops.

ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SUGAR BEET GROWING TECHNOLOGY BASED ON A SET OF INDICATORS

Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the ecological assessment of sugar beet cultivation technology by agrophysical, phytosanitary, sanitary and toxicological, biochemical, and technological indicators. The article presents an assessment of soil suitability in terms of humus, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and soil reaction for obtaining high productivity of sugar beet roots with optimal biochemical and technological quality indicators. In addition, the main criteria of the indicators were methodologically substantiated, as a result of which a priority number of them were determined: climatic indicators – level of soil fertility – varietal potential of the crop – phytosanitary condition of crops – quality and safety – technological indicators – productivity of sugar beet roots. For the ecological standardization of sugar beet cultivation technology by a set of indicators, a methodological approach was developed to assess the technology for each indicator, namely 1 class – unsatisfactory condition (deviation from control for the worse exceeds 25%), II class – atisfactory (more than 10%, but not exceeding 25%); III class – normal (not exceeding 10%); IV class – optimal (no deviation from the optimum for the worse). This gradation allows to determine the ecological state of the agroecosystem by a set of indicators. In accordance with the standardization of sugar beet technology, a key conclusion is formed that reveals the assessment of technology and technological processes in order to substantiate the environmental impact of this agrotechnology on the components of the biosphere. This method of agroecological assessment of technology will provide an opportunity to obtain high-quality biochemical, technological indicators and high productivity of sugar beet and reduce the negative impact on agrocenoses.

SPECIES DIVERSITY OF FLOWER GARDEN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN STREET PLANTINGS OF THE NAHIRNYI DISTRICT OF THE CITY DNIPRO

V. P. Bessonova, T. I. Yusypiva — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The optimization of urban landscaping largely depends on the condition of gardening facilities. Greening of urban areas allows to increase the landscape attractiveness of cities and create a comfortable sanitary and hygienic environment for people. Floral ornamental plants play an important role in preserving the mental health of the population of megacities, as they have a significant positive emotional effect on people. Flower gardening improves the aesthetic appearance of cities and towns. In order to effectively and rationally carry out flower gardening, it is necessary to conduct a detailed survey of it in different functional areas, especially in megacities where unfavorable environmental conditions for the population are formed. The aim of the work is to determine the taxonomic composition of ornamental flower plants, their occurrence, and the index of dominance in flower beds of the surveyed streets of the Nahirnyi district of Dnipro. It has been established that herbaceous ornamental flower plants of 63 species belonging to 25 families are used in the design of flower beds of the surveyed streets. It was found that the largest number of species is represented by the family Asteraceae Dum. (23). It is shown that the representation of species in the genera is small, the largest - in Tagetes L., Iris Tourn ex L., Hosta Tratt., Rudbeckia L. (3 in each). t has been found that flowering perennials (18 species) are most widely represented in flower beds, to a lesser extent – flowering annuals (12), including perennials grown as annuals, and the least represented are carpet and border perennials (9) and leading perennials (8), climbing ornamental flower plants in landscaping. It is recommended to increase the number of species of biennial and bulbous ornamental plants in the landscaping of the streets of the Nahirnyi district of Dnipro, to diversify the plantings with ornamental cereals and decorative foliage plants, to plant mainly drought-resistant plants in flower beds without watering, to use climbing plants for landscaping fences.

ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HEDGES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF LVIV

L. V. Glogovsky, I. V. Shukel, N. E. Gorbenko, O. Y. Didiv, I. V. Didiv — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The results of a comprehensive study of hedges growing in the urban environment of Lviv are presented. A total of 152 objects in six districts of the city were studied. The total length of hedges according to the inventory data is 7.621 m. It was found that the species diversity of the hedgerow flora is represented by 41 taxa representing 26 genera and 17 families, among which the Rosaceae family dominates (11 species). The composition of hedges is dominated by the grasses – 82.4%, the share of naked seeds is 17.6%. The analysis of the data shows the predominance of introduced species, with a share of 78.1%, while the share of native species is only 21.9%. In terms of life forms, the hedges are dominated by ‘shrubs’ and ‘tree-shrubs’, 51.2% and 26.9% respectively. Trees are in third place in terms of distribution – 9 taxa or 21.9%. In the structure of trophomorphs and hygromorphs, the majority of representatives are mesotrophs – 68.3% or 28 taxa, and mesophytes – 90.2% or 37, respectively. Eutrophs, species requiring rich soil conditions, include 10 taxa (24.4%). The group of oligotrophs includes 3 taxa (7.3%). In terms of the relation to light, the dendroflora is dominated by facultative heliophytes, 46.4% or 19 taxa, and heliophytes, 39.0% or 16 taxa, respectively. Shade-tolerant heliosciophytes and sciophytes account for 3 taxa or 14.6%, respectively. The predominance of facultative heliophytes is associated with the high-rise development of most open and semiopen urban spaces. Analysing the hedges by height, we concluded that more than half of the recorded plots, namely 57.8%, are represented by medium-height plant groups. As for the age structure, the most common are middle-aged plantations (10-20 years old), 88 of them or 57.8%. Less common, with a small difference between them, are high and low hedges, 26 (17.2%) and 23 (15.2%) respectively. There are 42 hedges over 20 years old, or 27.7 per cent. In terms of sanitary and qualitative condition, most hedges are in satisfactory condition, 102 units or 67.2%, the share of plantations characterised by good and unsatisfactory condition reaches 18.4% and 14.4% respectively.

DESIGN PROJECT OF THE H. SKOVORODY STREET GREEN AREA, ZAPORIZHZHIA CITY

O. V. Kobets, I. O. Melnikova — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to a detailed survey of green spaces and the development of a landscaping project for part of the street opposite the central entrance of the «Arkas» Private Enterprise, located at H. Skovorody St., 19, Zaporizhzhia. A detailed survey of the design object territory was carried out, the existing vegetation composition and condition were determined, the main indicators of soil conditions were surveyed, and the caring possibility for future plantings was determined. Based on the data obtained, a landscaping was developed. The design territory consists of four different plots. For two small fragments № 2 and № 4 (12.3 m2 and 9.4 m2), regular compositions are proposed. It will using cube-shaped shrubs (Pyracantha coccinea "Orange Glow"), ornamental grasses (Calamagrostis acutiflora "Karl Foester" and "Overdam") and flowering perennials (Salvia nemorosa "Caradonna", Lavandula angustifolia "Hidcote"), planted in rectangular shape solid arrays. For fragments № 1 and № 3 (148.5 m2 and 95.5 m2, respectively), free-plan compositions are proposed using the latest varieties and forms of deciduous and evergreen shrubs (Photinia fraseri "Red Robin", Euonymus alatus "Compactus", Berberis thunbergii "Admiration", Physocarpus opulifolius "Diablo", Spiraea japonica "Superstar/Denistar"), ornamental perennial grasses (Eupatorium maculatum "Atropurpureum", Pennisetum alopecuroides "Red Head", Molinia arundinacea "Cordoba"), long-flowering perennials (Perovskia atriplicifolia "Blue Steel", Lavandula angustifolia "Hidcote"). It is proposed to occupy the free space in flower and grasses compositions with ordinary lawn, and in shrub groups - to arrange with pine bark bedding. The implementation of the project will create a harmonious, balanced, attractive area, unpretentious in care, which will have a long-lasting decorative effect throughout the year and can serve as an example and impetus for further reconstruction of plantings on the rest of the street.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF DEEP REJUVENATION PRUNING ON THE CONDITION OF POPLARS IN THE URBANIZED ENVIRONMENT OF ZHYTOMYR

S. I. Matkovska, O. Yu. Andreeva, І. V. Martynchuk, M. V. Shvets — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In the article presents a historical description of the introduction of poplars into the green economy of populated areas of Ukraine, justifies the relevance of the research, the purpose of the study is to assess the impact of deep rejuvenating pruning on poplar trees in green spaces of the city of Zhytomyr, outlines the research methodology, characterizes the street plantings in which the research was conducted according to the degree of anthropogenic load. It is determined that the dominant species in the plantings is the pyramidal poplar (Populus pyramidalis Rozier). The results of the study of the phytosanitary condition of poplars that underwent deep rejuvenating pruning are provided, the phytosanitary condition of poplars on streets with different degrees of anthropogenic load is described by categories, and the causes of the death of pyramidal poplar (P. pyramidalis) trees in green spaces of the city of Zhytomyr after deep rejuvenating pruning are identified. The seasonal dynamics of the aesthetic appeal of pyramidal poplar (P. pyramidalis) in the stands of the city of Zhytomyr are presented, depending on the age of deep rejuvenating pruning, it was established that the degree of decorativeness (aesthetic appeal) of poplar trees depends on the degree of soil moisture, the sum of active temperatures and the average daily ambient temperature. The dust-retaining properties of pyramidal poplar (P. pyramidalis) were studied at sites with different levels of technogenic load, so on streets with a high level of technogenic load, leaves retain a mass of dust that is several times greater than on streets with a low level of anthropogenic load. A direct relationship between the degree of technogenic load and the protective functions of poplar trees was determined, so in places with a high anthropogenic load, poplars lose their phyto-ameliorative properties faster, in such stands the trees age faster and die. In general, poplar trees in green stands of the city of Zhytomyr are in excellent and good condition and fully perform protective and phyto-ameliorative functions.

EFFECTIVE OF AUTUMN APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES ON WEED CONTROL WHILE GROWING WINTER WHEAT

V. Ya. Ivanuk — Wed, 03 May 2023 00:00:00 +0300

Considering the tendencies of climatic conditions change, autumn application of herbicides while growing winter wheat is an important factor of weed control. Combined application of the agents Lancelot (0.033 kg/ha)+Pallas (0.15 l/ha) in the phase of BBCH 13 of wheat contributes to a perfect control for loose silky-bent and dicotyledon weeds, as well as support for the yield by almost 30%. Spraying of wheat with a tank mixture of Tru (0.02 kg/ha)+Stomp (2.5 l/ha) makes no sufficient effect on loose silky-bent.All combinations of those herbicides reduced the weed mass before harvesting. Under application of Lancelot+Pallas and Marathon, it accounted for only 13.6 and 15.1 g/m2 respectively, and biological efficiency – 93.2 and 92.2 %. Autumn application of the herbicides contributed to increase of wheat yield capacity by 1.50-1.73 t/ha, or 25.7-29.6 %.

SUGAR COOKIE TECHNOLOGY BASED ON BUCKWHEAT FLOUR

K. V. Kostetska, O. P. Нerasymchuk — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the study of the use of various types of gluten-free raw materials and food additives (buckwheat flour, potato and corn starch) with certain physico-chemical and technological properties to expand the range of domestically produced products, increase their availability based on the development of the technology of sugar-gluten-free cookies with the characteristic properties of a hedonistic product and meeting the needs of the population in flour confectionery products. The choice of the type of gluten-free raw materials and technological additives affecting the rheological properties of the dough, the quality of finished products and antioxidant activity is justified. The effect of various components of the gluten-free mixture on the organoleptic parameters of sugar cookies was studied. The addition of 50% potato starch to the recipe of sugar cookies based on buckwheat flour according to the organoleptic indicators of the finished product received the maximum value of the total score of 4.8 points, compared to the control with 100% buckwheat flour – 3.6 points. The technological effect of additionally introduced recipe components - potato and corn starch in the gluten-free mixture on improving the quality of cookies was determined, which made it possible to improve the rheological properties of gluten-free dough samples and the strength characteristics of the finished products, namely, to increase the wetting index of sugar glutenfree cookies by 5.7% and reduce the density index compared to the control sample with 100% buckwheat flour. A decrease in the density indicator was noted when part of the buckwheat flour was replaced by 50% potato starch, the numerical value of which was 0.54 g/cm3, which is 17% less than the density of the control sample with 100% buckwheat flour. A similar trend was noted when replacing part of the buckwheat flour with corn starch. The best effect was achieved when replacing 20 and 40% of buckwheat flour with corn starch and 50% of buckwheat flour with potato starch. Products with such a content of potato and corn starch were characterized by the best taste of finished products, as evidenced by the highest score.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE RECIPE AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF GLUTEN-FREE BREAD PRODUCTION

Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Products, developed for the category of people with celiac disease, where gluten intolerance occurs, occupy a special place among food products for special dietary consumption. According to the World Association of Gastroenterologists (WOG-OMGE), this disease affects about 1% of the population of our planet, who have an increased risk of death compared to the general population. In this regard, an analysis of the production of food products for the population suffering from celiac disease was carried out. The purpose of the research was to determine the indicators of the quality of raw materials and products to substantiate the composition of flour raw materials in the recipe of yeast gluten-free bread products. Different types of flour raw materials from buckwheat, corn, seeds of the grain crop quinoa were studied, as well as theoretical and practical aspects for substantiating the technology of bread from gluten-free raw materials were considered. Bread technology using flour from buckwheat, whole-grain and first-grade quinoa flour, corn flour was developed, and their influence on product quality indicators was also investigated. Since gluten-free raw materials, unlike wheat flour, do not contain gluten proteins, structure-forming agents: xanthan gum, starch, psyllium were added to the dough. It is recommended to add 1.0% of psyllium powder or 1:3 of the amount of flour raw material of the recipe - corn starch as a structural component of bread. First-grade quinoa flour and, to a lesser extent, buckwheat flour from unsteamed buckwheat groats and corn flour is recommended as a basis of the dough recipe for gluten-free bread. The developed yeast bread can be recommended for a gluten-free diet, can be used in the diet of people both for dietary nutrition and for general disease prevention.

FEATURES OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS AND LABOUR EFFICIENCY WHEN HARVESTING APPLES OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS IN INTENSIVE ORCHARDS OF NORTHERN ITALY

P. Н. Bondarenko — Tue, 08 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the analysis of specific operations in growing and harvesting apples in an intensive orchard in the leading horticultural region of Europe - South Tyrol (Italy), where the profitability of production is achieved by ensuring high yield, fruit quality with significant added value, and the use of self-propelled platforms for the effective implementation of technological operations in the orchard. The study was conducted in 2024 in industrial intensive plantations of eight autumn and winter apple cultivars – ‘Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Red Pop®’, ‘Red Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Braeburn’, ‘Pink Lady®’, ‘Joya®’. The yield of marketable fruits and the main reasons for the loss of marketability, mean fruit weight, the actual and potentially possible labour efficiency when harvesting apples depending on the cultivar were analysed. It was determined that even with a high crop load (51-85 t/ha for most cultivars) and increased, compared to the standard, requirements of retail chains for fruit diameter and colour, it was possible to ensure the share of marketable fruits at the level of 81-93 %. The main causes for non-marketable fruits were to fallen fruits, mechanical damages, and insufficient diameter/ skin colour. Marketability and optimal colour of apples is achieved through the introduction of green mechanical pruning, pneumatic defoliation, and timely closing of anti-hail nets. The main factors affecting labour efficiency during apple harvest were the number of picking sessions, mean fruit weight, crop load, and the share of unmarketable fruit. Labour efficiency using a self-propelled platform when harvesting all the fruits in one session is 157-239 kg/h with a potential of up to 190-256 kg/h; when harvesting in several sessions – 104-141 kg/h with a potential of up to 120-167 kg/h.